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![]() Pompeii - Wikipedia. Pompeii was an ancient Roman town- city near modern Naples, in the Campania region of Italy, in the territory of the comune of Pompei. Pompeii, along with Herculaneum and many villas in the surrounding area, was mostly destroyed and buried under 4 to 6 m (1. Mount Vesuvius in 7. AD. Researchers believe that the town was founded in the seventh or sixth century BC by the Osci or Oscans. ![]() A slave-turned-gladiator finds himself in a race against time to save his true love, who has been betrothed to a corrupt Roman Senator. As Mount Vesuvius erupts, he must fight to save his beloved as Pompeii crumbles around him. Get to the heart of Pompeii with one of Lonely Planet's in-depth, award-winning guidebooks. ![]() It came under the domination of Rome in the 4th century BC, and was conquered and became a Roman colony in 8. BC after it joined an unsuccessful rebellion against the Roman Republic. By the time of its destruction, 1. The eruption destroyed the city, killing its inhabitants and burying it under tons of ash. Evidence for the destruction originally came from a surviving letter by Pliny the Younger, who saw the eruption from a distance and described the death of his uncle Pliny the Elder, an admiral of the Roman fleet, who tried to rescue citizens. The site was lost for about 1,5. Spanish engineer Rocque Joaquin de Alcubierre in 1. These artefacts provide an extraordinarily detailed insight into the life of a city during the Pax Romana. During the excavation, plaster was used to fill in the voids in the ash layers that once held human bodies. This allowed archaeologists to see the exact position the person was in when he or she died. Pompeii has been a tourist destination for over 2. Today it has UNESCOWorld Heritage Site status and is one of the most popular tourist attractions in Italy, with approximately 2. According to Theodor Kraus, . It stands on a spur formed by a lava flow to the north of the mouth of the Sarno River (known in ancient times as the Sarnus). Pompeii - Forum and Vesuvius. Brooklyn Museum Archives, Goodyear Archival Collection. Today it is some distance inland, but in ancient times was nearer to the coast. Pompeii is about 8 km (5. Mount Vesuvius. It covered a total of 6. Three sheets of sediment have been found on top of the lava that lies below the city and, mixed in with the sediment, archaeologists have found bits of animal bone, pottery shards and plants. Carbon dating has placed the oldest of these layers from the 8th. The other two strata are separated either by well- developed soil layers or Roman pavement, and were laid in the 4th century BC and 2nd century BC. It is theorized that the layers of the jumbled sediment were created by large landslides, perhaps triggered by extended rainfall. It had already been used as a safe port by Greek and Phoenician sailors. According to Strabo, Pompeii was also captured by the Etruscans, and in fact recent. Pompeii was captured for the first time by the Greek colony of Cumae, allied with Syracuse, between 5. BC. In the 5th century BC, the Samnites conquered it (and all the other towns of Campania); the new rulers imposed their architecture and enlarged the town. After the Samnite Wars (4th century BC), Pompeii was forced to accept the status of socium of Rome, maintaining, however, linguistic and administrative autonomy. In the 4th century BC, it was fortified. Pompeii remained faithful to Rome during the Second Punic War. The present Temple of Apollo was built in the 2nd century BC as the city's most important religious structure. Pompeii took part in the war that the towns of Campania initiated against Rome, but in 8. BC it was besieged by Sulla. Although the battle- hardened troops of the Social League, headed by Lucius Cluentius, helped in resisting the Romans, in 8. BC Pompeii was forced to surrender after the conquest of Nola, culminating in many of Sulla's veterans' being given land and property, while many of those who went against Rome were ousted from their homes. It became a Roman colony with the name of Colonia Cornelia. Veneria Pompeianorum. The town became an important passage for goods that arrived by sea and had to be sent toward Rome or Southern Italy along the nearby Appian Way. It was fed with water by a spur from Aqua Augusta (Naples) built c. BC by Agrippa; the main line supplied several other large towns, and finally the naval base at Misenum. The castellum in Pompeii is well preserved, and includes many details of the distribution network and its controls. For example, on the floor of one of the houses (Sirico's), a famous inscription Salve, lucru (. Other houses provide details concerning professions and categories, such as for the . Wine jars have been found bearing what is apparently the world's earliest known marketing pun (technically a blend), Vesuvinum (combining Vesuvius and the Latin for wine, vinum). During this period, Pompeii underwent a vast process of infrastructural development, most of which was built during the Augustan period. These include an amphitheatre, a palaestra with a central natatorium (cella natatoriua) or swimming pool and an aqueduct that provided water for more than 2. The amphitheatre has been cited by modern scholars as a model of sophisticated design, particularly in the area of crowd control. In extreme drought, the water supply would first fail to reach the public baths (the least vital service), then private houses and businesses. The pools in Pompeii were mostly for decoration. The large number of well- preserved frescoes provide information on everyday life and have been a major advance in art history of the ancient world, with the innovation of the Pompeian Styles (First/Second/Third Style). Some aspects of the culture were distinctly erotic, including frequent use of the phallus as apotropaion or good- luck charm in various types of decoration. A large collection of erotic votive objects and frescoes were found at Pompeii. Many were removed and kept until recently in a secret collection at the University of Naples. At the time of the eruption, the town may have had some 1. Romans had holiday villas. William Abbott explains, . Due to the difficult terrain, it was not distributed on a regular plan as most Roman towns were, but its streets are straight and laid out in a grid in the Roman tradition. They are laid with polygonal stones, and have houses and shops on both sides of the street. It followed its decumanus (main east/west road) and its cardo (main north/south road), centered on the forum. Modern archaeologists have excavated garden sites and urban domains to reveal the agricultural staples in Pompeii. Pompeii was fortunate to have a fruitful, fertile region of soil for harvesting a variety of crops. The soils surrounding Mount Vesuvius even preceding its eruption have been revealed to have good water- holding capabilities, implying access to productive agriculture. Some speculate that much of the flat land in Campania, surrounding the areas of Pompeii was dedicated to grain and wheat production. Cereal, barley, wheat, and millet were all produced by the locals in Pompeii. These grains, along with wine and olive oil, were produced in abundance for export to other regions. Agricultural policymaker Columella suggested that each vineyard in Rome produced a quota of three cullei of wine per jugerum, otherwise the vineyard would be uprooted. The nutrient- rich lands near Pompeii were extremely efficient at this and were often able to exceed these requirements by a steep margin, therefore providing the incentive for local wineries to establish themselves. Water depressions have also been found in close proximity to the wineries and served as water wells for the produce and livestock. Carbonized food plant remains, roots, seeds and pollens, have been found from gardens in Pompeii, Herculaneum and from the Roman villa at Torre Annunziata. They revealed that emmer wheat, Italian millet, common millet, walnuts, pine nuts, chestnuts, hazel nuts, chickpeas, bitter vetch, broad beans, olives, figs, pears, onions, garlic, peaches, carob, grapes, and dates were consumed. All except the dates could have been produced locally. An amphitheatre and two theatres have been found, along with a palaestra or gymnasium. A hotel (of 1,0. 00 square metres) was found a short distance from the town; it is now nicknamed the . Geothermal energy supplied channeled district heating for baths and houses. It is believed that the earthquake would have registered between about 5 and 6 on the Richter scale. Chaos followed the earthquake. Fires, caused by oil lamps that had fallen during the quake, added to the panic. Nearby cities of Herculaneum and Nuceria were also affected. It is believed that almost all buildings in the city of Pompeii were affected. In the days after the earthquake, anarchy ruled the city, where theft and starvation plagued the survivors. In the time between 6. Some of the older, damaged paintings could have been covered with newer ones, and modern instruments are being used to catch a glimpse of the long hidden frescoes. The probable reason why these structures were still being repaired around seventeen years after the earthquake was the increasing frequency of smaller quakes that led up to the eruption. Eruption of Vesuvius. By the 1st century AD, Pompeii was one of a number of towns near the base of the volcano, Mount Vesuvius. The area had a substantial population, which had grown prosperous from the region's renowned agricultural fertility. Many of Pompeii's neighboring communities, most famously Herculaneum, also suffered damage or destruction during the 7. The eruption occurred on 2. August AD 7. 9, just one day after Vulcanalia, the festival of the Roman god of fire, including that from volcanoes. The black cloud represents the general distribution of ash and cinder. Modern coast lines are shown. The results of the study, published in 2. Pliny the Younger provided a first- hand account of the eruption of Mount Vesuvius from his position across the Bay of Naples at Misenum, in a version he wrote 2. His uncle, Pliny the Elder, with whom he had a close relationship, died while attempting to rescue stranded victims. As admiral of the fleet, Pliny the Elder had ordered the ships of the Imperial Navy stationed at Misenum to cross the bay to assist evacuation attempts. Pompeii: Stories from an Eruption. This exhibition requires a special ticket. Nature. Untold numbers were buried in its volcanic debris, and a vibrant, cosmopolitan society vanished overnight.
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